Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications von Bernd H A Rehm/M Fata Moradali

Provides insight into biopolymers, their physicochemical properties, and their biomedical and biotechnological applications<br><br> This comprehensive book is a one-stop reference for the production, modifications, and assessment of biopolymers. It highlights the technical and methodological advancements in introducing biopolymers, their study, and promoted applications.<br><br> "Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications" begins with a general overview of biopolymers, properties, and biocompatibility. It then provides in-depth information in three dedicated sections: Biopolymers through Bioengineering and Biotechnology Venues; Polymeric Biomaterials with Wide Applications; and Biopolymers for Specific Applications. Chapters cover: advances in biocompatibility; advanced microbial polysaccharides; microbial cell factories for biomanufacturing of polysaccharides; exploitation of exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria; and the new biopolymer for biomedical application called nanocellulose. Advances in mucin biopolymer research are presented, along with those in the synthesis of fibrous proteins and their applications. The book looks at microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), as well as natural and synthetic biopolymers in drug delivery and tissue engineering. It finishes with a chapter on the current state and applications of, and future trends in, biopolymers in regenerative medicine.<br><br> * Offers a complete and thorough treatment of biopolymers from synthesis strategies and physiochemical properties to applications in industrial and medical biotechnology<br> * Discusses the most attracted biopolymers with wide and specific applications<br> * Takes a systematic approach to the field which allows readers to grasp and implement strategies for biomedical and biotechnological applications<br><br> "Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications" appeals to biotechnologists, bioengineers, and polymer chemists, as well as to those working in the biotechnological industry and institutes.<br>

Bernd Rehm received his MSc and PhD degrees (microbiology) from the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, in 1991 and 1993, respectively. He continued as a postdoc at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of British Columbia, Canada. From 1996 to 2003, he was a research group leader at the Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology at the University of Münster, Germany, where he also completed his habilitation. In 2003 he was appointed as Associate Professor and in 2005 promoted to Full Professor/Chair of Microbiology at Massey University in New Zealand. From 2013 to 2016 he was principal investigator of the Centre of Research Excellence (New Zealand) at the MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. He was recently appointed as Director of the Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymer at Griffith University (Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Australia), and is the founder and chief technology officer of the biotechnology start-up company PolyBatics Ltd. He is editor-in-chief and editor of 5 scientific journals as well as an editorial board member of 10 scientific journals and the sole editor of 5 books. He has authored over 200 scientific publications, and holds more than 30 patents. His R&D interests are in the microbial production of polymers and their applications. His recent studies focused on the use of engineered microorganisms to produce functionalized nano-/micro-structures for applications in diagnostics, enzyme immobilization, and antigen delivery. Dr. Fata Moradali received his MSc degree from Tehran University and his PhD degree in molecular microbiology and genetics from Massey University, New Zealand. Early years of his career were spend for investigating bioactive components from natural resources particularly fungi. Then, it was followed by spending several years in Prof. Bernd Rehm`s laboratory investigating molecular mechanism of alginate biosynthesis and signaling pathways in the model organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa. He then moved to the Department of Oral Biology, Florida University, USA, to join Dr. Mary Ellen Davey`s laboratory to continue cutting-edge research in the field of human oral biology and microbiota. Dr. Moradali has contributed to our understanding of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis and the molecular mechanism of alginate biosynthesis in P. aeruginosa as a model organism. His research has provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of alginate polymerization/modification and its activation by bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP. By employing genetic engineering in his research, he demonstrated the production of various alginates from P. aeruginosa for the production of tailor- made alginate. He has extensive expertise in microbial genetics and physiology with respect to pathogenesis as well as production of microbial compounds.

1 Advances in Biocompatibility: A Prerequisite for Biomedical Application of Biopolymers1Matthew R. Jorgensen, Helin Räägel, and Thor S. Rollins1.1 Introduction 11.2 Biocompatibility Evaluation of Biopolymeric Materials and Devices 21.3 Using a Risk-Based Approach to Biocompatibility 41.3.1 Chemistry of Biopolymers and Risk 61.3.2 Chemistry Screening of Biopolymers 71.4 Specific Biological Endpoint Evaluations 111.4.1 Cytotoxicity 111.4.2 Systemic Toxicity (Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, and Chronic) 121.4.3 Implantation 141.5 Conclusion 15References 162 Advanced Microbial Polysaccharides19Filomena Freitas, Cristiana A.V. Torres, Diana Araújo, Inês Farinha, João R. Pereira, Patrícia Concórdio-Reis, and Maria A.M. Reis2.1 Introduction 192.2 Functional Properties and Applications of Microbial Polysaccharides 202.3 Commercially Relevant Microbial Polysaccharides: Established Uses and Novel/Prospective Applications 222.3.1 Pullulan 222.3.2 Scleroglucan 232.3.3 Xanthan Gum 232.3.4 Dextrans 242.3.5 Curdlan 242.3.6 Gellan Gum 242.3.7 Levan 252.3.8 Hyaluronic Acid 252.4 Hydrogels Based on Microbial Polysaccharides 252.5 Bionanocomposites Based on Microbial Polysaccharides 292.6 Bioactive Polysaccharides from Microalgae: An Emerging Area 322.6.1 Polysaccharide-Producing Microalgae 332.6.2 Biological Activity and Potential Applications 332.6.2.1 Antiviral Activity 362.6.2.2 Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities 362.6.2.3 Anticoagulant and Antithrombotic Activity 382.6.2.4 Antioxidant Activity 382.6.2.5 Other Biological Properties 392.6.3 Commercialization Prospects 392.7 Applications of Chitinous Polymers 402.7.1 Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitinous Polysaccharides 402.7.2 Properties of Chitinous Polysaccharides 412.7.3 Applications of Chitinous Polysaccharides 412.7.3.1 Biomedical Applications 422.7.3.2 Pharmaceutical Applications 432.7.3.3 Food Applications 432.7.3.4 Other Applications 432.8 Microbial Polysaccharides: A World of Opportunities 44Acknowledgments 45References 453 Microbial Cell Factories for Biomanufacturing of Polysaccharides63M. Fata Moradali and Bernd H.A. Rehm3.1 Introduction 633.2 Prominent Microbial Polysaccharides and Their Properties and Applications 633.2.1 Xanthan and Acetan 643.2.2 Succinoglycan and Galactoglucan 643.2.3 Sphingan Polysaccharides 663.2.4 Pullulan 663.2.5 Cellulose and Curdlan 673.2.6 Alginates 673.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid or Hyaluronate 683.2.8 Dextrans 683.2.9 Levan and Inulin 693.3 Biosynthesis Pathways of Bacterial Polysaccharides 693.3.1 Genetic Background Required for Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides in Bacteria 703.3.2 Production of Active Precursor, Polymerization, and Polysaccharide Modifications 713.3.3 Regulatory Pathways and Posttranslational Modifications 723.4 Strategies for Engineering Cell Factories 763.4.1 Enhancement of Productivity upon the Energetic State of the Cell and Metabolites 773.4.2 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Cell Factories 783.4.3 Strategies for Optimizing Physicochemical Properties of Polysaccharides 793.4.4 Recombinant Production of Polysaccharides and Tailor-Made Products 833.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 86Acknowledgments 87References 874 Exploitation of Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria103Tsuda Harutoshi4.1 Introduction 1034.1.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria 1034.1.2 Exopolysaccharides 1034.1.3 Importance of PS Produced by LAB 1054.2 Homo-PS 1054.2.1 Biosynthesis 1054.2.2 Composition and Structure 1064.2.3 Instability of Homo-PS Production 1064.3 Hetero-PS 1114.3.1 Biosynthesis 1114.3.2 Monosaccharides Composition of Hetero-PS 1114.3.3 Yield of Hetero-PS 1124.3.4 Instability of Hetero-PS Production 1164.4 Prebiotic Activity 1174.4.1 Commercial Prebiotic Oligosaccharides 1174.4.2 Prebiotic Polysaccharides 1184.4.3 Prebiotics in Japanese FOSHU 1194.4.4 Prebiotics Produced by LAB 1194.5 Conclusion 120References 1205 Nanocellulose: A New Biopolymer for Biomedical Application129Hippolyte Durand, Megan Smyth, and Julien Bras5.1 Trends of Biobased Polymers in Biomedical Application 1295.1.1 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering 1305.1.2 Overview of Biobased Materials for Biomedical Applications 1325.1.2.1 Biomaterials: A Definition 1325.1.2.2 Biobased Polymers 1355.1.2.3 Cellulose as a Biomaterial 1385.2 Nanocellulose: Production, Characterization, Application, and Commercial Aspects 1425.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Nanocellulose Materials 1435.2.1.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 1445.2.1.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils 1455.2.1.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 1495.2.2 Characterization of Cellulosic Nanomaterials (CNMs) 1515.2.3 Industrialization of Nanocellulose: First and Upcoming Applications 1535.2.4 Health and Toxicology: A Concern for CNM Development in Biomedical Field 1545.2.5 Cellulose Nanofibrils and Medical Applications 1645.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 170References 1706 Advances in Mucin Biopolymer Research: Purification, Characterization, and Applications181Matthias Marczynski, Benjamin Winkeljann, and Oliver Lieleg6.1 Introduction 1816.2 Mucin Sources and Purification Process 1826.3 StructureFunction Relation of Mucins 1856.4 Characterizing Mucins and Mucin-Based Materials 1876.5 Biomedical Applications of Purified Mucins 1906.5.1 Eye Drops or Contact Lens Coatings 1906.5.2 Mouth Sprays 1926.5.3 Artificial Joint Fluids 1926.5.4 Coatings of Medical Devices 1936.5.5 Components of Hydrogels for Drug Delivery 1946.5.6 Molecular Standards for Lab Tests with Clinical Mucus Samples 1946.6 Outlook: Engineered Mucins and Mucin-Mimetic Polymers 194Acknowledgments 195References 1957 Advances in the Synthesis of Fibrous Proteins and Their Applications209Gang Wei, Xi Ma, Yaru Bai, Coucong Gong, and Yantu Zhang7.1 Introduction 2097.2 Synthesis, Structure, and Characterizations of Fibrous Protein Materials 2107.2.1 Synthesis Methods 2107.2.2 Structure 2127.2.3 Characterizations 2137.3 Applications of Fibrous Protein Materials 2137.3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering 2137.3.2 Biomedical Engineering 2157.3.3 Sensors and Biosensors 2167.3.4 Nanodevices 2177.3.5 Energy Application 2187.3.6 Environmental Application 2207.4 Conclusions 223Acknowledgments 224References 2248 Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): From Synthetic Biology to Industrialization231Yuki Miyahara, Ayaka Hiroe, Shunsuke Sato, Takeharu Tsuge, and Seiichi Taguchi8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Synthetic Biology for Production of Kaneka PHBH 2338.2.1 Isolation of Bacterium Producing Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) 2338.2.2 Material Properties of PHBH 2348.2.3 Industrial PHBH Production Process 2358.2.4 Molecular Breeding of PHBH-Producing Bacteria 2368.2.5 Precise Control of 3HHx Fraction by Genetic Modification ofRalstonia eutropha2388.2.6 Business Plan for Kaneka PHBH Industrialization 2398.3 Synthetic Biology for Production of Medium-Chain-Length PHAs with Homogeneous Side-Chain Lengths (Homo-PHAs) 2408.3.1 Copolymers Based on Medium-Chain-Length PHA Monomeric Constituents 2408.3.2 Pathway Engineering for Homo-PHA Production 2428.3.3 Improved Microbial Production of Homo-PHAs 2438.3.4 Material Properties of Homo-PHAs 2458.3.5 Integrated Production Process of Homo-PHAs from Renewable Feedstock 2468.4 Synthetic Biology for Production of Lactate-Based Polymers 2478.4.1 Creation of Lactate-Polymerizing Enzyme (LPE) 2478.4.2 Biosynthesis of Lactate-Based Polymers 2498.4.3 Integrated Production Process of Lactate-Based Polymers from Renewable Feedstock 2518.4.4 Biosynthesized Lactate-Based Polymer Shows Superior Properties 2538.5 Outlook 254References 2559 Natural and Synthetic Biopolymers in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering265John D. Schneible, Michael A. Daniele, and Stefano Menegatti9.1 Introduction 2659.2 Synthetic and Natural Substrates 2679.3 Applications of Natural and Synthetic Polypeptides 2679.3.1 Drug Delivery Vehicles 2679.3.2 Targeting Agents 2739.3.3 Cell-Permeating Peptides 2749.3.4 Peptides in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2769.4 Applications of Polysaccharides 2809.4.1 Drug Delivery 2809.4.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 2849.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 290References 29010 Biopolymers in Regenerative Medicine: Overview, Current Advances, and Future Trends357Michael R. Behrens and Warren C. Ruder10.1 Introduction 35710.2 Biopolymer Scaffold Assembly 35810.2.1 Hydrogel Biopolymer Scaffolds 35810.2.2 Electrospinning of Biopolymer Scaffolds 36010.2.3 Three-Dimensional Printing of Biopolymer Scaffolds 36210.3 Organ System Specific Biopolymer Scaffolds 36710.3.1 Biopolymers for Musculoskeletal System Regeneration 36810.3.1.1 Biopolymers for Bone Regeneration 36810.3.1.2 Biopolymers for Cartilage Regeneration 37010.3.1.3 Biopolymers for Ligament and Tendon Regeneration 37110.3.2 Biopolymers for Cardiovascular System Regeneration 37210.3.2.1 Biopolymers for Vascular Regeneration 37310.3.2.2 Biopolymers for Cardiac Regeneration 37410.4 Summary and Outlook 376References 377Index 381

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