Mirrors and Reflections von Alexandre V/Borovik Borovik

Mirrors and Reflections presents an intuitive and elementary introduction to finite reflection groups. Starting with basic principles, this book provides a comprehensive classification of the various types of finite reflection groups and describes their underlying geometric properties. Unique to this text is its emphasis on the intuitive geometric aspects of the theory of reflection groups, making the subject more accessible to the novice. Primarily self-contained, necessary geometric concepts are introduced and explained. Principally designed for coursework, this book is saturated with exercises and examples of varying degrees of difficulty. An appendix offers hints for solving the most difficult problems. Wherever possible, concepts are presented with pictures and diagrams intentionally drawn for easy reproduction. Finite reflection groups is a topic of great interest to many pure and applied mathematicians. Often considered a cornerstone of modern algebra and geometry, an understanding of finite reflection groups is of great value to students of pure or applied mathematics. Requiring only a modest knowledge of linear algebra and group theory, this book is intended for teachers and students of mathematics at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels.

Inhaltsangabe- Part I Geometric Background.- 1. Affine Euclidean Space ARn.-1.1 Euclidean Space Rn.- 1.2 Affine Euclidean Space ARn.- 1.3 Affine Subspaces.- 1.3.1 Subspaces.- 1.3.2 Systems of Linear Equations.- 1.3.3 Points and Lines.- 1.3.4 Planes.- 1.3.5 Hyperplanes.- 1.3.6 Orthogonal Projection.- 1.4 Half-Spaces.- 1.5 Bases and Coordinates.- 1.6 Convex Sets.- 2 Isometries of ARn.- 2.1 Fixed Points of Groups of Isometries.- 2.2 Structure of IsomARn.- 2.2.1 Translations.- 2.2.2 Orthogonal Transformations.- 3 Hyperplane Arrangements.- 3.1 Faces of a Hyperplane Arrangement.- 3.2 Chambers.- 3.3 Galleries.- 3.4 Polyhedra.- 4 Polyhedral Cones.- 4.1 Finitely Generated Cones.- 4.1.1 Cones.-.1.2 Extreme Vectors and Edges.- 4.2 Simple Systems of Generators.- 4.3 Duality.- 4.4 Duality for Simplicial Cones.- 5 Faces of a Simplicial Cone.- Part II Mirrors, Reflections, Roots.- 5 Mirrors and Reflections.- 6 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.1 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.2 Finite Reflection Groups.- 7 Dihedral Groups.- 7.1 Groups Generated by two Involutions.- 7.2 Proof of Theorem 7.1.- 7.3 Dihedral Groups: Geometric Interpretation.- 8 Root Systems.- 8.1 Mirrors and their Normal Vectors.- 8.2 Root Systems.- 8.3 Planar Root Systems.- 8.4 Positive and Simple Systems.- 9 Root Systems An¡1, BCn, Dn.- 9.1 Root System An¡1.- 9.1.1 A Few Words about Permutations.- 9.1.2 Permutation Representation of Symn.- 9.1.3 Regular Simplices.- 9.1.4 The Root System An¡1.- 9.1.5 The Standard Simple System.- 9.1.6 Action of Symn on the Set of all Simple Systems.- 9.2 Root Systems of Types Cn and Bn.- 9.2.1 Hyperoctahedral Group.- 9.2.2 Admissible Orderings.- 9.2.3 Root Systems Cn and Bn.- 9.2.4 Action of W on C.- 9.3 The Root System Dn.- Part III Coxeter Complexes.- 10 Chambers.- 11 Generation.- 11.1 Simple Reflections.- 11.2 Foldings.- 11.3 Galleries and Paths.- 11.4 Action of W on C.- 11.5 Paths and Foldings.- 11.6 Simple Transitivity of W on C: Proof of Theorem 11.6.- 12 Coxeter Complex.- 12.1 Labeling of the Coxeter Complex.- 12.2 Length of Elements in W.- 12.3 Opposite Chamber.- 12.4 Isotropy Groups.- 12.5 Parabolic Subgroups.- 13 Residues.- 13.1 Residues.- 13.2 Example.- 13.3 The Mirror System of a Residue.- 13.4 Residues are Convex.- 13.5 Residues: the Gate Property.- 13.6 The Opposite Chamber.- 14 Generalized Permutahedra.- Part IV Classification.- 15 Generators and Relations.- 15.1 Reflection Groups are Coxeter Groups. 15.2 Proof of Theorem 15.1.- 16 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups.- 16.1 Coxeter Graph.- 16.2 Decomposable Reflection Groups.- 16.3 Labeled Graphs and Associated Bilinear Forms.- 16.4 Classification of Positive Definite Graphs.- 17 Construction of Root Systems.- 17.1 Root System An.- 17.2 Root System Bn, n > 2.- 17.3 Root System Cn, n > 2.- 17.4 Root System Dn, n > 4.- 17.5 Root System E8.- 17.6 Root System E7 17.7 Root System E6.- 17.8 Root System F4.- 9 Root System G2.- 17.10 Crystallographic Condition.- 18 Orders of Reflection Groups.- Part V Three-Dimensional Reflection Groups.- 19 Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 19.1 Planar Mirror Systems.- 19.2 From Mirror Systems to Tessellations of the Sphere.- 19.3 The Area of a Spherical Triangle.- 19.4 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 20 Icosahedron.- 20.1 Construction.- 20.2 Uniqueness and Rigidity.- 20.3 The Symmetry Group of the Icosahedron.- Part VI Appendices.- A The Forgotten Art of Blackboard Drawing.- B Hints and Solutions to Selected Exercises.- References.- Index.

- Part I Geometric Background.-1. Affine Euclidean Space ARn.-1.1 Euclidean Space Rn.- 1.2 Affine Euclidean Space ARn.- 1.3 Affine Subspaces.- 1.3.1 Subspaces.- 1.3.2 Systems of Linear Equations.- 1.3.3 Points and Lines .- 1.3.4 Planes .- 1.3.5 Hyperplanes.- 1.3.6 Orthogonal Projection.- 1.4 Half-Spaces.- 1.5 Bases and Coordinates.- 1.6 Convex Sets.- 2 Isometries of ARn .- 2.1 Fixed Points of Groups of Isometries.- 2.2 Structure of IsomARn .- 2.2.1 Translations.- 2.2.2 Orthogonal Transformations .- 3 Hyperplane Arrangements.- 3.1 Faces of a Hyperplane Arrangement.- 3.2 Chambers.- 3.3 Galleries.- 3.4 Polyhedra.- 4 Polyhedral Cones.- 4.1 Finitely Generated Cones .- 4.1.1 Cones.- .1.2 Extreme Vectors and Edges .- 4.2 Simple Systems of Generators.- 4.3 Duality .- 4.4 Duality for Simplicial Cones .- 5 Faces of a Simplicial Cone.- Part II Mirrors, Reflections, Roots.- 5 Mirrors and Reflections.- 6 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.1 Systems of Mirrors.- 6.2 Finite Reflection Groups.- 7 Dihedral Groups.- 7.1 Groups Generated by two Involutions.- 7.2 Proof of Theorem7.1 .- 7.3 Dihedral Groups: Geometric Interpretation .- 8 Root Systems.-8.1 Mirrors and their Normal Vectors.- 8.2 Root Systems.- 8.3 Planar Root Systems.- 8.4 Positive and Simple Systems.- 9 Root Systems An¡1, BCn, Dn.- 9.1 Root System An¡1 .- 9.1.1 A Few Words about Permutations .- 9.1.2 Permutation Representation of Symn .- 9.1.3 Regular Simplices .- 9.1.4 The Root System An¡1 .- 9.1.5 The Standard Simple System.- 9.1.6 Action of Symn on the Set of all Simple Systems .- 9.2 Root Systems of Types Cn and Bn .- 9.2.1 Hyperoctahedral Group.- 9.2.2 Admissible Orderings.- 9.2.3 Root Systems Cn and Bn.- 9.2.4 Action of W on C.- 9.3 The Root System Dn.-Part III Coxeter Complexes.- 10 Chambers.- 11 Generation.- 11.1 Simple Reflections.- 11.2 Foldings.- 11.3 Galleries and Paths.- 11.4 Action of W on C.- 11.5 Paths and Foldings.- 11.6 Simple Transitivity of W on C: Proof of Theorem 11.6.- 12 Coxeter Complex.- 12.1 Labeling of the Coxeter Complex.- 12.2 Length of Elements inW.-12.3 Opposite Chamber.- 12.4 Isotropy Groups.- 12.5 Parabolic Subgroups.- 13 Residues.- 13.1 Residues.- 13.2 Example.- 13.3 The Mirror System of a Residue.- 13.4 Residues are Convex.- 13.5 Residues: the Gate Property.- 13.6 The Opposite Chamber.- 14 Generalized Permutahedra.- Part IV Classification.- 15 Generators and Relations.- 15.1 Reflection Groups are Coxeter Groups. 15.2 Proof of Theorem 15.1.- 16 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups.- 16.1 Coxeter Graph.- 16.2 Decomposable Reflection Groups.- 16.3 Labeled Graphs and Associated Bilinear Forms.- 16.4 Classification of Positive Definite Graphs.- 17 Construction of Root Systems.- 17.1 Root System An.- 17.2 Root System Bn, n > 2.- 17.3 Root System Cn, n > 2.- 17.4 Root System Dn, n > 4.- 17.5 Root System E8.- 17.6 Root System E7 17.7 Root System E6.- 17.8 Root System F4 .- 9 Root System G2 .- 17.10 Crystallographic Condition .- 18 Orders of Reflection Groups .-Part V Three-Dimensional Reflection Groups.- 19 Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 19.1 Planar Mirror Systems.- 19.2 From Mirror Systems to Tessellations of the Sphere.- 19.3 The Area of a Spherical Triangle.- 19.4 Classification of Finite Reflection Groups in Three Dimensions.- 20 Icosahedron.- 20.1 Construction.- 20.2 Uniqueness and Rigidity.- 20.3 The Symmetry Group of the Icosahedron.- Part VI Appendices.- A The Forgotten Art of Blackboard Drawing.- B Hints and Solutions to Selected Exercises.- References.-Index.