Construction Science and Materials von Surinder Singh Virdi

<p><i>Construction Science& Materials</i> is designed to cover topics studied at levels 2 5 on Construction HND courses and is also suitable for first year undergraduates on construction courses as well as Building surveying, Architectural Technology and Quantity Surveying. It is an essential text for those who have done no science since their GCSEs.<br />Divided into 17 chapters, each with written explanations supplemented by solved examples and relevant diagrams to substantiate the text. Chapters end with numerical questions covering a range of problems and their answers are given at the end of the book and on the books website.</p>

About the AuthorSURINDER SINGH VIRDI is a lecturer in construction at South and City College Birmingham and visiting lecturer at City of Wolverhampton College. He worked as a civil and structural engineer for a number of years before starting his career in further and higher education. He has been teaching construction science, environmental science, mathematics, ICT and CAD on BTEC National and Higher National courses for over 25 years.

Preface to the second edition xvAbout the companion website xvii1 Introduction to Physics 11.1 Speed and Velocity 11.2 Acceleration 11.3 Mass 21.4 Gravitation 21.5 Weight 31.6 Volume 41.7 Density 41.8 Specific Gravity 61.9 Newtons First Law of Motion 61.10 Newtons Second Law of Motion 61.11 Newtons Third Law of Motion 71.12 Friction 71.13 Work 81.14 Energy 91.14.1 Potential Energy 91.14.2 Kinetic Energy 101.15 Power 11Exercise 1.1 12Reference/Further reading 122 Introduction to chemistry 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Electrovalency and covalency 152.2.1 Covalent Bond 172.3 Elements and Compounds 182.4 Symbols and Formulae 192.5 Acids and bases 202.5.1 Acids 202.5.2 Bases 21Exercise 2.1 22References/Further reading 233 Effects of Chemicals and the Atmosphere on Materials 253.1 Introduction 253.2 Oxidation 253.2.1 Experiment: To Show that Oxygen (Or Air) and Water are Necessary for the Rusting of Iron 263.3 Electrolysis 273.4 Electrolytic Corrosion 283.4.1 Examples of Electrolytic Corrosion 303.4.2 Protection of Steel from Corrosion 313.5 Applications of Electrolysis 323.5.1 Electroplating 323.5.2 Extraction of Aluminium 323.6 Acid rain 33References/Further Reading 334 Electricity 354.1 Introduction 354.2 Coulombs law 354.3 Electric current 364.4 Potential difference 364.5 Electromotive force (e.m.f.) 374.6 Ohms law 374.7 Electrical resistivity and conductivity 394.8 Resistors in Series/Parallel 394.8.1 Resistors in series 394.8.2 Resistors in parallel 404.9 Transformers 434.10 Power generation 444.11 Power distribution 454.12 Supply to small buildings 47Exercise 4.1 48Reference/Further reading 495 Introduction to Construction Technology 515.1 Introduction 515.2 Substructure and Superstructure 515.2.1 Soil investigation 525.3 Foundations 535.3.1 Settlement 545.4 Forms of Construction 555.5 The External Envelope 565.5.1 Functions of the External Envelope 575.5.2 Ground Floors 605.5.3 Cavity Walls 615.5.4 Suspended Timber Upper Floors 615.5.5 Roofs 61References/Further Reading 616 Introduction to Building Services 636.1 Introduction 636.2 Cold Water Supply 636.3 Hot Water Supply 656.4 Central Heating Systems 656.5 Underfloor Heating Systems 666.6 Drainage Systems 676.6.1 Belowground Drainage System 676.6.2 Aboveground Drainage System 686.7 Integration of Services into Building Design 68References/Further Reading 727 Thermal Energy 1 737.1 Introduction 737.2 Temperature 737.2.1 Temperature Scales 747.3 Units of Heat 747.4 States of Matter 757.4.1 Changes in the Physical State 757.4.2 Experiment: The Physical States of Water 757.5 Expansion and Contraction of Solids 777.5.1 Linear Expansion 777.5.2 Experiment: Determination of Coefficient of Linear Expansion 787.5.3 Practical Examples of Expansion and Contraction 797.6 Heat Transfer 817.6.1 Conduction 817.6.2 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Conductivity of Metals 847.6.3 Convection 847.6.4 Radiation 85Exercise 7.1 86References/Further Reading 868 Thermal Energy 2 (Including Humidity) 878.1 Introduction 878.2 Thermal Insulation 878.2.1 Experiment: To Compare the Thermal Insulation Values of Expanded Polystyrene, Vermiculite, Mineral Wool, Glass Fibre and Cork 888.3 Heat Transmission 908.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 908.3.2 Thermal Resistivity (r) 918.3.3 Thermal Resistance (R) 918.4 Thermal Transmittance 928.5 Heat Loss from Buildings 988.6 Temperature Drop Through Materials 1028.7 Humidity 1048.7.1 Measurement of Relative Humidity 1058.8 Condensation 1078.8.1 The Psychrometric Chart 1088.8.2 Prevention of Surface Condensation 1088.8.3 Interstitial Condensation 110Exercise 8.1 116References/Further Reading 1179 Forces and Structures 1 1199.1 Introduction 1199.2 Force 1199.2.1 Internal and External Forces 1209.3 Bending 1209.3.1 Deflection 1229.4 Types of Loading 1239.4.1 Dead Load 1239.4.2 Imposed Load 1239.4.3 Wind Load 1239.4.4 Loading from other Effects 1239.4.5 Point Load 1239.4.6 Uniformly Distributed Load 1259.4.7 Triangular Load 1259.5 Stress and Strain 1269.5.1 Stress 1279.5.2 Strain 1279.6 Elasticity 1289.6.1 Experiment 1: Proof of Hookes Law 1289.6.2 Experiment 2: Proof of Hookes Law 1299.6.3 Factor of Safety 131Exercise 9.1 132References/Further Reading 13310 Forces and structures 2 13510.1 Moment of a force 13510.1.1 Sign convention 13610.2 Laws of equilibrium 13910.3 Analysis of beams 13910.3.1 Beam reactions 13910.3.2 Shear force (S.F.) 14410.3.3 Bending moment (B.M.) 14910.4 Triangle of forces 15610.4.1 Bows notation 15910.4.2 Frames and roof trusses 161Exercise 10.1 166References/Further reading 16911 Forces and structures 3 17111.1 Introduction 17111.2 Beams 17111.2.1 Tension and compression in beams 17111.2.2 Shear 17211.2.3 Deflection 17311.2.4 Lateral buckling 17411.3 Reinforced concrete (R.C.) beams 17511.3.1 Shear reinforcement 17511.4 Steel beams 17711.4.1 Bending 17711.4.2 Plastic hinge 17811.4.3 Shear 17811.5 Timber joists 17911.5.1 Failures in Timber Joists 18011.5.2 Lateral buckling 18111.6 Slabs 18211.7 Columns 18311.7.1 Slenderness ratio 18311.7.2 Effective height of columns 18411.7.3 Eccentric loading on columns 18611.7.4 Steel columns 18711.7.5 Reinforced Concrete Columns 18811.8 Foundations 18811.8.1 Strip foundation 18911.8.2 Pad foundation 19011.8.3 Other foundations 191References/Further reading 19212 Fluid mechanics 19312.1 Introduction 19312.2 Pressure of fluids at rest 19312.3 Why do Liquids Flow? 19612.4 Centre of pressure 19712.5 The flow of a fluid 19912.5.1 Flow rate 20012.5.2 Bernoullis theorem 20112.5.3 The venturimeter 20412.5.4 Flow in pipes: Energy loss 20512.5.5 Flow in Open Channels 206Exercise 12.1 208References/Further reading 21013 Sound 21113.1 Introduction 21113.2 Frequency, wavelength and velocity of sound 21213.2.1 Frequency (f) 21213.2.2 Wavelength () 21213.2.3 Velocity (v) 21213.3 Measurement of sound 21413.3.1 Threshold values of sound 21513.3.2 The Decibel Scale 21513.4 Addition of Sound Levels 21713.4.1 Approximate addition of Sound Levels 21713.5 Transmission of sound in buildings 21913.5.1 Noise 22013.5.2 Requirements of Sound Insulation 22013.5.3 SoundInsulation Techniques 22113.5.4 Noise in a workplace 22413.5.5 Measurement of Sound Insulation 22413.6 Sound absorption 22513.6.1 Reverberation 22713.6.2 Reverberation time 22713.6.3 Types of Sound Absorbers 23113.7 Soundlevel Meter 232Exercise 13.1 232References/Further reading 23314 Light 23514.1 Introduction 23514.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours 23614.3 Measuring light 23714.3.1 Angular measure 23714.3.2 Solid angle 23714.3.3 Luminous intensity (I) 23814.3.4 Luminous flux (F) 23814.3.5 Illuminance (E) 23914.3.6 Luminance 23914.4 Inverse Square Law of Illuminance 24014.5 Lamberts Cosine Law of Illuminance 24114.6 Lamps and luminaires 24314.7 Design of Interior Lighting 24514.7.1 Light Output Ratio 24614.7.2 Direct ratio 24614.7.3 Room index 24714.7.4 Reflection of light 24714.7.5 Level of illuminance 24714.7.6 Utilisation factor (UF) 24914.7.7 Maintenance factor (MF) 24914.7.8 Lumen Design Method 25214.7.9 SHR 25314.8 Light meter 25814.9 Daylighting 25814.9.1 Uniform sky 25814.9.2 CIE Standard Overcast Sky 25814.9.3 Daylight factor 259Exercise 14.1 261References/Further reading 26315 Human Comfort 26515.1 Introduction 26515.2 Temperature 26515.2.1 Air Temperature 26615.2.2 Mean Radiant Temperature 26715.2.3 Environmental Temperature 26715.2.4 Dry Resultant Temperature 26715.2.5 Activity 26815.2.6 Clothing 26815.3 Air movement 26815.4 Humidity 26915.5 Ventilation 26915.6 Predicted Mean Vote 26915.7 Noise 27015.8 Lighting 271References/Further Reading 27216 Construction materials 27316.1 Introduction 27316.2 Bricks 27416.2.1 Clay bricks 27416.2.2 Size 27416.2.3 Classification 27516.2.4 Manufacture 27516.2.5 Properties 27516.2.6 Deterioration of brickwork 27716.2.7 Environmental implications 27816.2.8 COSHH 27816.3 Aerated Concrete Blocks 27916.3.1 Manufacture 27916.3.2 Size 27916.3.3 Properties 27916.3.4 Environmental implications 28016.4 Cement 28016.4.1 Raw materials 28116.4.2 Manufacture 28116.4.3 Setting and hardening of cement 28216.4.4 Constituents of Portland Cement 28216.4.5 Types of cement 28216.4.6 Compressive strength 28316.4.7 Environmental implications 28416.4.8 COSHH 28416.5 Concrete 28416.5.1 Raw materials 28516.5.2 Manufacture of concrete 28516.5.3 Concrete mix 28516.5.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete 28716.5.5 Properties of Hardened Concrete 28916.5.6 Deterioration of concrete 29016.5.7 Environmental implications 29116.6 Metals 29116.6.1 Ferrous metals 29116.6.2 NonFerrous Metal: Aluminium 29516.7 Timber 29616.7.1 Seasoning 29716.7.2 Properties 29816.7.3 Deterioration 29916.7.4 Preservation 30016.7.5 Environmental implications 30016.8 Plastics 30016.8.1 Raw Materials and Manufacture 30116.8.2 Classification 30116.8.3 Properties and uses 30216.9 Glass 30316.9.1 Properties 30316.9.2 Types of glass 305References/Further reading 30617 Assignments 30717.1 Assignments for Level 2 courses 30717.1.1 Assignment No. 1 30717.1.2 Assignment No. 2 30717.1.3 Assignment No. 3 30717.2 Assignments for Level 3/4 courses 30817.2.1 Assignment No. 1 30817.2.2 Assignment No. 2 30917.2.3 Assignment No. 3 310Appendix 1 Formulae for Example 8.2 313Appendix 2 Solutions for Example 13.10 315Appendix 3 Answers to exercises 317Index 325

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